### Related Formula Areal Magnification: m^2 = fracA_textimageA_textobject = left(fracff+u ight)^2 approx left(fracfu ight)^2$m^2 = \frac{A_{\text{image}}}{A_{\text{object}}} = \left(\frac{f}{f+u} ight)^2 \approx \left(\frac{f}{u} ight)^2$ since object distance u = -18\ mathrmkm$u = -18\ \mathrm{km}$ is vastly larger than f$f$. ### Core Logic Given parameters:

- Object height distance, H = 18\ mathrmkm = 18 times 10^3\ mathrmm$H = 18\ \mathrm{km} = 18 \times 10^3\ \mathrm{m}$ - Film size area, A_textimage = 2\ mathrmcm times 2\ mathrmcm = 4\ mathrmcm^2 = 4 times 10^-4\ mathrmm^2$A_{\text{image}} = 2\ \mathrm{cm} \times 2\ \mathrm{cm} = 4\ \mathrm{cm^2} = 4 \times 10^{-4}\ \mathrm{m^2}$ - Landscape area, A_textobject = 400\ mathrmkm^2 = 400 times 10^6\ mathrmm^2$A_{\text{object}} = 400\ \mathrm{km^2} = 400 \times 10^6\ \mathrm{m^2}$ Linear magnification factor: fracyx = sqrtfracA_textimageA_textobject = sqrtfrac4 times 10^-4400 times 10^6 = sqrt10^-12 = 10^-6$\frac{y}{x} = \sqrt{\frac{A_{\text{image}}}{A_{\text{object}}}} = \sqrt{\frac{4 \times 10^{-4}}{400 \times 10^6}} = \sqrt{10^{-12}} = 10^{-6}$ Using the simple pinhole/thin lens perspective ratio: fracfH = 10^-6 implies f = 18 times 10^3 times 10^-6 = 18 times 10^-3\ mathrmm = 1.8\ mathrmcm$\frac{f}{H} = 10^{-6} \implies f = 18 \times 10^3 \times 10^{-6} = 18 \times 10^{-3}\ \mathrm{m} = 1.8\ \mathrm{cm}$ ### Pattern Recognition For aerial satellite imaging contexts where u gg f$u \gg f$, linear sizing scales directly as fractextfilm sidetextground side = fracfH$\frac{\text{film side}}{\text{ground side}} = \frac{f}{H}$. ### Evaluation Rubric / Model Answer null ### Chapter Mix Class 12 Physics: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

### Related Formula The relationship between optical power P$P$ and focal length F$F$ is given by: F = frac1P$F = \frac{1}{P}$ Relative decrease in focal length is defined as: fracDelta FF = fracF - F'F$\frac{\Delta F}{F} = \frac{F - F'}{F}$ ### Core Logic Given initial power P = 2.5text D$P = 2.5\text{ D}$[cite: 19, 600]. After an increase of 0.1text D$0.1\text{ D}$, the new power is[cite: 19, 603]: P' = 2.5 + 0.1 = 2.6text D$P' = 2.5 + 0.1 = 2.6\text{ D}$ ### Step 1: Calculate Focal Length Change Find the initial and final focal lengths [cite: 602, 604]: F = frac12.5 = frac25$F = \frac{1}{2.5} = \frac{2}{5}$ F' = frac12.6 = frac513$F' = \frac{1}{2.6} = \frac{5}{13}$ Now, calculate the relative decrease: fracF - F'F = 1 - fracF'F = 1 - fracPP' = 1 - frac2.52.6 = frac0.12.6 = frac126 approx 0.04$\frac{F - F'}{F} = 1 - \frac{F'}{F} = 1 - \frac{P}{P'} = 1 - \frac{2.5}{2.6} = \frac{0.1}{2.6} = \frac{1}{26} \approx 0.04$ ### Pattern Recognition For a small change, we can approximate using differentiation: P = frac1F implies dP = -fracdFF^2 implies fracdFF = -fracdPP$P = \frac{1}{F} \implies dP = -\frac{dF}{F^2} \implies \frac{dF}{F} = -\frac{dP}{P}$. Thus, the relative change magnitude is frac0.12.5 = frac125 = 0.04$\frac{0.1}{2.5} = \frac{1}{25} = 0.04$. ### Evaluation Rubric / Model Answer null ### Chapter Mix Class 12 Physics: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

### Related Formula The net focal power of a silvered tracking lens system is given by: P = 2P_L + P_M$P = 2P_{L} + P_{M}$ frac1f = frac2f_L + frac1f_M$\frac{1}{f} = \frac{2}{f_{L}} + \frac{1}{f_{M}}$ ### Core Logic As shown in diagram

, the plane flat side boundary interface has an infinite radius of curvature (R_2 = infty$R_{2} = \infty$), meaning its mirror focal component is f_M = infty implies P_M = 0$f_{M} = \infty \implies P_{M} = 0$. The power depends entirely on the refraction step: frac1f = frac2f_L $\frac{1}{f} = \frac{2}{f_{L}} $ ### Step 1: Lens Maker Formulation Find the focal expression of the immersed lens element [cite: 91, 679]: frac1f_L = left(fracmu_textglassmu_textliquid - 1 ight)left(frac1R ight) = left(frac1.51.2 - 1 ight)frac1R = frac0.31.2frac1R = frac14R$\frac{1}{f_{L}} = \left(\frac{\mu_{\text{glass}}}{\mu_{\text{liquid}}} - 1 ight)\left(\frac{1}{R} ight) = \left(\frac{1.5}{1.2} - 1 ight)\frac{1}{R} = \frac{0.3}{1.2}\frac{1}{R} = \frac{1}{4R}$ Now insert this into the total system tracking balance relation : frac1f = 2 left(frac14R ight) = frac12R $\frac{1}{f} = 2 \left(\frac{1}{4R} ight) = \frac{1}{2R} $ Given the final effective concave configuration matches f = 0.2text m$f = 0.2\text{ m}$ : frac10.2 = frac12R implies 2R = 0.2 implies R = 0.10text m$\frac{1}{0.2} = \frac{1}{2R} \implies 2R = 0.2 \implies R = 0.10\text{ m}$ ### Pattern Recognition Silvering a plano-flat back boundary means light traverses the initial curved face interface exactly twice, mapping to R = 2 cdot f cdot (mu_textrel - 1)$R = 2 \cdot f \cdot (\mu_{\text{rel}} - 1)$. ### Evaluation Rubric / Model Answer null ### Chapter Mix Class 12 Physics: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

### Related Formula Lens Maker's Formula for a lens in a surrounding medium of refractive index mu_m$\mu_{m}$ is: frac1f = left(fracmu_textlensmu_m - 1 ight)left(frac1R_1 - frac1R_2 ight)$\frac{1}{f} = \left(\frac{\mu_{\text{lens}}}{\mu_{m}} - 1 ight)\left(\frac{1}{R_{1}} - \frac{1}{R_{2}} ight)$ ### Core Logic For a plano-convex configuration, the flat side has an infinite radius of curvature (R_2 = infty implies frac1R_2 = 0$R_{2} = \infty \implies \frac{1}{R_{2}} = 0$). ### Step 1: Evaluating Respective Focal Scales For the first lens setup in air (mu_m = 1$\mu_{m} = 1$) : frac1f_1 = (1.5 - 1)left(frac12 - 0 ight) = 0.5 times frac12 = frac14 implies f_1 = 4text cm$\frac{1}{f_{1}} = (1.5 - 1)\left(\frac{1}{2} - 0 ight) = 0.5 \times \frac{1}{2} = \frac{1}{4} \implies f_{1} = 4\text{ cm}$ For the second lens setup immersed inside fluid (mu_m = 1.2$\mu_{m} = 1.2$) : frac1f_2 = left(frac1.51.2 - 1 ight)left(frac13 - 0 ight) = (1.25 - 1)frac13 = frac0.253 = frac112 implies f_2 = 12text cm$\frac{1}{f_{2}} = \left(\frac{1.5}{1.2} - 1 ight)\left(\frac{1}{3} - 0 ight) = (1.25 - 1)\frac{1}{3} = \frac{0.25}{3} = \frac{1}{12} \implies f_{2} = 12\text{ cm}$ Taking their direct ratio : f_1 : f_2 = 4 : 12 = 1 : 3$f_{1} : f_{2} = 4 : 12 = 1 : 3$ ### Pattern Recognition Always separate the refractive index multiplier from the geometric shape factor. This lets you calculate each change independently before taking the final ratio. ### Evaluation Rubric / Model Answer null ### Chapter Mix Class 12 Physics: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

### Related Formula For refraction at a single spherical surface separating two mediums : fracn_2v - fracn_1u = fracn_2 - n_1R$\frac{n_2}{v} - \frac{n_1}{u} = \frac{n_2 - n_1}{R}$ Linear magnification for a spherical refracting boundary is given by: m = fracv / n_2u / n_1 = fracv cdot n_1u cdot n_2$ ### Core Logic Given parameters from the text [cite: 17, 651, 654]: * Refractive index of Medium A, $n_1 = 1.3$ * Refractive index of Medium B, $n_2 = 1.4$ * Object distance, $u = -13 text cm$ * Magnification, $m = -2$ Using the magnification formula to locate image position $v$ : $m = \frac{v / n_2}{u / n_1} = \frac{v \cdot n_1}{u \cdot n_2}$ ### Core Logic Given parameters from the \text [cite: 17, 651, 654]: * Refractive index of Medium A, $n_1 = 1.3$ * Refractive index of Medium B, $n_2 = 1.4$ * Object distance, $u = -13 \text{ cm}$ * Magnification, $m = -2$ Using the magnification formula to locate image position $v$ : $-2 = \frac{v \cdot 1.3}{(-13) \cdot 1.4} $ $-2 = \frac{1.3 \cdot v}{-18.2} \implies 1.3 v = 36.4 \implies v = 28 \text{ cm} Now substitute $u = -13$, $v = 28$, $n_1 = 1.3$, $n_2 = 1.4$ into the boundary equation: $ Now substitute $u = -13$, $v = 28$, $n_1 = 1.3$, $n_2 = 1.4$ into the boundary equation: $\frac{1.4}{28} - \frac{1.3}{-13} = \frac{1.4 - 1.3}{R} $ $\frac{1}{20} + \frac{1}{10} = \frac{0.1}{R} $ $\frac{1 + 2}{20} = \frac{0.1}{R} \implies \frac{3}{20} = \frac{1}{10R} $ $30 R = 20 \implies R = \frac{2}{3} \text{ cm}$ ### Step 1: Visual Context The visual system configuration of the refracting interface is tracked here:

### Pattern Recognition Keep precise track of sign conventions for single spherical surfaces. A convex meniscus towards A means the center of curvature lies inside medium B, meaning $ ### Step 1: Visual Context The visual system configuration of the refracting interface is tracked here:

### Pattern Recognition Keep precise track of sign conventions for single spherical surfaces. A convex meniscus towards A means the center of curvature lies inside medium B, meaning $R$ will mathematically return as a positive parameter. ### Evaluation Rubric / Model Answer null ### Chapter Mix Class 12 Physics: Ray Optics