Related Formula
n → ∞ (1)/(n) Σk=1ⁿ f((k)/(n)) = ∫₀¹ f(x) dx$$\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{n} \sum_{k=1}^n f\left(\frac{k}{n}\right) = \int_0^1 f(x) dx$$
Core Logic
Rewrite the series by extracting n⁴$n^4$ from the denominator:
L = n→ ∞Σk = 1ⁿ(n³)/(n⁴(1 + (k²)/(n²))(1 + (3k²)/(n²)))$$L = \lim_{n\to \infty}\sum_{k = 1}^{n}\frac{n^3}{n^4\left(1 + \frac{k^2}{n^2}\right)\left(1 + \frac{3k^2}{n^2}\right)}$$
L = n arrow ∞ (1)/(n) Σk = 1ⁿ (1)/((1 + (k²)/(n²))(1 + (3k²)/(n²)))$$L = \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} \frac{1}{n} \sum_{k = 1}^{n} \frac{1}{\left(1 + \frac{k^2}{n^2}\right)\left(1 + \frac{3k^2}{n^2}\right)}$$
Using the limit of a sum, we convert this to a definite integral by substituting x = (k)/(n)$x = \frac{k}{n}$ and dx = (1)/(n)$dx = \frac{1}{n}$:
I = ∫₀¹ (dx)/((1 + x²)(1 + 3x²))$$I = \int_{0}^{1} \frac{dx}{(1 + x^2)(1 + 3x^2)}$$
Step 1: Partial Fractions
To integrate, we split the integrand using partial fractions. Notice that:
(1)/((1+x²)(1+3x²)) = (A)/(1+x²) + (B)/(1+3x²)$$\frac{1}{(1+x^2)(1+3x^2)} = \frac{A}{1+x^2} + \frac{B}{1+3x^2}$$
Let x² = t$x^2 = t$. Then (1)/((1+t)(1+3t)) = (A)/(1+t) + (B)/(1+3t)$\frac{1}{(1+t)(1+3t)} = \frac{A}{1+t} + \frac{B}{1+3t}$.
1 = A(1+3t) + B(1+t)$$1 = A(1+3t) + B(1+t)$$
If t = -1$t = -1$, 1 = A(-2) ⇒ A = -(1)/(2)$1 = A(-2) \Rightarrow A = -\frac{1}{2}$.
If t = -1/3$t = -1/3$, 1 = B(2/3) ⇒ B = (3)/(2)$1 = B(2/3) \Rightarrow B = \frac{3}{2}$.
So,
(1)/((1+x²)(1+3x²)) = (3/2)/(1+3x²) - (1/2)/(1+x²)$$\frac{1}{(1+x^2)(1+3x^2)} = \frac{3/2}{1+3x^2} - \frac{1/2}{1+x^2}$$
Alternatively, as formatted in the solution:
I = ∫₀¹ (dx)/(3(1 + x²)((1)/(3) + x²))$$I = \int_{0}^{1} \frac{dx}{3(1 + x^2)\left(\frac{1}{3} + x^2\right)}$$
= ∫₀¹ (1)/(3) × (3)/(2) ((x² + 1) - (x² + (1)/(3)))/((1 + x²)(x² + (1)/(3))) dx$$= \int_{0}^{1} \frac{1}{3} \times \frac{3}{2} \frac{(x^2 + 1) - \left(x^2 + \frac{1}{3}\right)}{(1 + x^2)\left(x^2 + \frac{1}{3}\right)} dx$$
= (1)/(2) ∫₀¹ [ 1x² + ( 1√(3))² - (1)/(1 + x²) ] dx$$= \frac{1}{2} \int_{0}^{1} \left[ \frac{1}{x^2 + \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\right)^2} - \frac{1}{1 + x^2} \right] dx$$
Step 2: Integration
Integrating both terms:
= (1)/(2) [ √(3) ⁻¹ (√(3) x) ]₀¹ - (1)/(2) ( ⁻¹ x )₀¹$$= \frac{1}{2} \left[ \sqrt{3} \tan^{-1} (\sqrt{3} x) \right]_{0}^{1} - \frac{1}{2} \left( \tan^{-1} x \right)_{0}^{1}$$
Evaluating the limits:
= √(3)2 ((π)/(3)) - (1)/(2) ((π)/(4))$$= \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \left(\frac{\pi}{3}\right) - \frac{1}{2} \left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right)$$
= π2 √(3) - (π)/(8)$$= \frac{\pi}{2 \sqrt{3}} - \frac{\pi}{8}$$
= 4π - √(3)π8√(3) = π(4 - √(3))8√(3)$$= \frac{4\pi - \sqrt{3}\pi}{8\sqrt{3}} = \frac{\pi(4 - \sqrt{3})}{8\sqrt{3}}$$
Rationalizing and finding the common denominator to match options:
= 13 π8(4 √(3) + 3)$$= \frac{13 \pi}{8(4 \sqrt{3} + 3)}$$
(Note: Multiply numerator and denominator by (4√(3)+3)$(4\sqrt{3}+3)$. Numerator becomes π(4-√(3))(4√(3)+3) = π(16√(3) + 12 - 12 - 3√(3)) = 13π√(3)$\pi(4-\sqrt{3})(4\sqrt{3}+3) = \pi(16\sqrt{3} + 12 - 12 - 3\sqrt{3}) = 13\pi\sqrt{3}$. Wait, let's verify:
π2√(3) - (π)/(8) = π(4-√(3))8√(3)$\frac{\pi}{2\sqrt{3}} - \frac{\pi}{8} = \frac{\pi(4-\sqrt{3})}{8\sqrt{3}}$. Let's rationalize the denominator in the given option 13π8(4√(3)+3) = 13π(4√(3)-3)8(48-9) = 13π(4√(3)-3)8(39) = π(4√(3)-3)24 = 4√(3)π24 - (3π)/(24) = π2√(3) - (π)/(8)$\frac{13\pi}{8(4\sqrt{3}+3)} = \frac{13\pi(4\sqrt{3}-3)}{8(48-9)} = \frac{13\pi(4\sqrt{3}-3)}{8(39)} = \frac{\pi(4\sqrt{3}-3)}{24} = \frac{4\sqrt{3}\pi}{24} - \frac{3\pi}{24} = \frac{\pi}{2\sqrt{3}} - \frac{\pi}{8}$. Match is exact.)
Pattern Recognition
Divide numerator and denominator by the highest power of n$n$ to convert the series into the standard form of Riemann Sum (1)/(n) Σ f(k/n)$\frac{1}{n} \sum f(k/n)$. Then use partial fractions for rational algebraic integrands.
Chapter Mix
Class 12 Maths: Integrals