(a) Define the term 'barter'. (b) Explain how the creation of a 'surplus' led early humans to transition from a subsistence economy to a trading economy.

Core Logic

The barter system faced several practical limitations:

• Double coincidence of wants: Finding a trade partner required both parties to desire exactly what the other had to offer, making trade difficult to initiate.
• Lack of a standardized exchange rate: It was incredibly difficult to agree on the relative value of different items (e.g., deciding how many chickens equate to one axe head).
• Indivisibility of goods: Certain items, particularly living animals, could not be divided into smaller portions to make a fair trade without destroying the value of the item (e.g., half a live pig is impossible).
• Difficulty in storing wealth: Many bartered goods were perishable (like crops or meat) and could not be saved to retain wealth for future transactions.

Evaluation Rubric / Model Answer

Candidates must clearly describe any THREE of the following:

• Double coincidence of wants (mutual desire for goods).
• Difficulty establishing an exchange rate (no common measure of value).
• Divisibility issues (inability to split items like livestock).
• Storage of wealth (perishability of bartered items).

Chapter Mix

Class 10 Business: Background To Business

Core Logic

For a medium to be recognized as money, it requires several specific qualities to maintain trust and utility in an economy. These include:

• Acceptable: The general population must agree to its use for settling transactions.
• Portable: It must be lightweight and convenient to carry for daily trading.
• Durable: The material must be hard-wearing to survive repeated use without degrading.
• Divisible: It must be able to be broken down into smaller denominations to provide exact change.
• Scarce: Its supply must be limited so it maintains its value over time.
• Homogenous: Standardized appearance prevents counterfeiting and confusion.

Evaluation Rubric / Model Answer

Award marks for identifying and outlining any THREE of the characteristics:

• Durable (hard-wearing)
• Acceptable (agreed upon use)
• Divisible (can form smaller units)
• Scarce (hard to acquire/maintains value)
• Portable (easy to carry)
• Homogenous (standard appearance)

Chapter Mix

Class 10 Business: Background To Business

Core Logic

Both methods facilitate regular, automated Electronic Funds Transfers (EFT), but their control structures differ entirely. A standing order is a mandate initiated by the bank account holder (drawer), instructing their bank to pay a fixed amount at regular intervals to a third party. In contrast, a direct debit is an authorization where the account holder gives permission to the payee (the company receiving money) to pull funds directly from the account. Crucially, direct debit amounts can vary as determined by the payee's bill.

Evaluation Rubric / Model Answer

Award marks for:

• Distinction: Standing order is fixed and initiated by the payer; Direct debit allows variable amounts withdrawn directly by the authorized payee.
• Standing order example: Fixed loan repayments, monthly rent, fixed charitable donations.
• Direct debit example: Variable utility bills (water, electricity), varying credit card minimums.

Chapter Mix

Class 10 Business: Background To Business

Core Logic

A personal cheque draws from the buyer's individual bank account. If the buyer has insufficient funds, the cheque will 'bounce' or be dishonored, leaving the seller without payment. This risk is elevated when dealing with unknown buyers from distant locations. In contrast, a bank draft is drawn directly on the issuing bank itself. Because the buyer pays the bank upfront to issue the draft, the payment is fully guaranteed by the bank's own funds. Consequently, sellers treat bank drafts as being as good as cash, making them highly acceptable for large or distant transactions.

Evaluation Rubric / Model Answer

Award marks for:

• Identifying the risk of a personal cheque (insufficient funds/dishonored payment).
• Explaining the mechanics of a bank draft (drawn on the bank itself).
• Stating the advantage to the seller (the payment is guaranteed by the bank, essentially acting as cash).

Chapter Mix

Class 10 Business: Background To Business